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(1)句子开头的首字母要大写,包括引语中的句子。
(2)人名、地名、国名、种族、国籍、宗教、语言等要大写。例如:
Mary and Steve China and India Chinese, English
(3)位于姓名前的称呼职称首字母要大写:
Mrs Guo Uncle Wang
(4)报纸、杂志、电影、戏剧、歌曲、书名等每个实词的首字母都要大写。
A Tale of the White Snake
(5)表示月份、星期、节日的名词要大写。例如:
Thanksgiving is celebrated on the third Thursday of November.
(6)缩写词、特殊词汇、标志语首字母或全部大写:
KFC
(16)单词I作“我”含义时永远大写。
缩写词
写出下列缩写词的意思:
WED_______ USA_______ TV________ NBA_________
写出下列词语的英文缩略形式:
香港 _______ 光盘 _______ 上午 _______ 肯德基_______
名词
1.概念
名词是表示人和事物或抽象概念的词。如:teacher, desk, Japanese, milk等。
一、 名词的分类:
1、按意义分: 专有名词和普通名词
专有名词主要指人名、地名及某些类人和事物专有的名称。例如: 1)人名:Mary, Mrs Green,2)地名:Beijing, West Lake 3)某类人的名称:Americans, Russians 4)某些抽象事物的名称:English, Chinese 5)月份、周日及节日名称:May, Saturday, Easter 6)书名、电影及诗歌的名称:Gone with the Wind 7)对家人等的称呼:Mum, Dad, Uncle Tom 专有名词的第一个字母要大写。
普通名词指的是那些不属于特定的人名、地名、事物名称或概念名称的名词,这类名词在名词中占绝大多数。例如,family, class, love, knowledge, life, chair, table等。普通名词可以分为可数名词和不可数名词。
2、按单复数分:可数名词及不可数名词
可数名词是可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词,如table] chair, book等。
不可数名词指的是不可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词,如water, information等词。
2.1 常见的不可数名词
weather 天气 information 信息 work 工作 news 新闻;消息 music 音乐 room 空间bread 面包 advice 建议;忠告 space 空间
2.2 注意下列词语在不同含义下词性的不同
chicken 鸡肉(不可数名词) 鸡(可数名词)
fish 鱼肉 (不可数名词) 鱼的种类(可数名词)
room 空间(不可数名词) 房间(可数名词)
orange 橙汁(不可数名词) 橙子(可数名词)
glass 玻璃 (不可数名词) 杯子(可数名词)
2.3 可数名词及不可数名词量的表示方法
1.两种名词都能修饰的数量词有:some, any, plenty of, a lot of, lots of等。
2.用来修饰可数名词的数量词有:many, several, some, a number of, a pair of, a few, few等。
3.用来修饰不可数名词的数量词有:much, a great deal of, some, a piece of, a little, little等。
4. 不可数名词不能用a, an以及数词来表示量的多少,在英语中常借助于一个可数名词来表示不可数名词的量,例如:
a cup of water/milk/tea 一杯水/奶/茶 a glass of water 一杯水
a bottle of water/milk/orange 一瓶水/牛奶/橙汁
a piece of paper/meat/news/music/bread 一张纸/一块肉/一条消息/一段音乐/一片面包
2.4 可数名词复数的构成规则
可数名词的复数形式通常是在单数形式后加-s或-es,现将其复数的一般构成方法及读音列表如下:
情况
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构成方法
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例词
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读音
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1. 一般情况
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在词尾加-s
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desk→desks
map→maps
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-s在清辅音后发音
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day→days
girl→girls
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-s在元音和浊辅音后发[z]
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2. 以s, x, ch, sh结尾的词
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在词尾加-es
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bus →buses
box→boxes
watch→watches
fish→fishes
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es发[iz]音
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3. 以辅音字母加y结尾的词
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变y为i再加-es
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family→families
factory→factories
party→parties
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-ies发[iz]音
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以元音字母加y结尾的词
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直接加s
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day→days
boy→boys
key→keys
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-s发[z]音
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4. 以f或fe 结尾的词
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变f或fe为v再加-es
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knife→knives
life→lives
wife→wives
half→halves
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-ves发[vz]音
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5. 以辅音字母加o结尾的词
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在词尾加-es
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potato→potatoes
tomato→tomatoes
hero→ heroes
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-es发[z]音
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radio→radios
zoo→zoos
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-s发[z]音
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单、复数同形的词有:sheep羊 fish鱼 deer鹿 people人,人们 police警察。
不规则复数形式的词有:man—men人,男人 woman—women妇女 policeman—policemen男警察 policewoman-policewomen 女警察 mouse—mice老鼠,鼠标 tooth—teeth牙齿 child-children 孩子,儿童 foot—feet脚,英尺。
复合名词的复数形式:a man teacher—two men teachers a woman doctor—two women doctors
三、名词所有格
表示所属关系,相当于物主代词,在句中作定语、宾语或主语。其构成法如下:
(1)表示人或其它有生命的东西的名词常在词尾加’s。如:Children’s Day(儿童节), my sister’s book(我姐姐的书)
(2)以s或es结尾的复数名词。只在词尾加’。如:Teachers’ Day(教师节)
(3)有些表示时间、距离以及世界、国家、城镇等无生命的名词,也可在词尾加’s. 如:
today’s newspaper(今天的报纸), ten minutes’ break(十分钟的课间休息), five minutes’ walk五分钟的步行.
(4)无论表示有生命还是无生命的名词,均可用介词of短语来表示所有关系。如:
a friend of my mother 我妈妈的一个朋友。 the front door of the house 那屋子的前门
[注意]:
①Tom’s and Jim’s + 复数名词, 意为“Tom和Jim分别所有的。。。。。。”
② 两人共有某物时,可以采用 A and B’s 的形式,如:Lucy and Lily’s bedroom(露西和丽丽合住的卧室)
③ “of+名词所有格/名词性物主代词”, 称为双重所有格, 如:a friend of my father’s(我父亲的一位朋友), a friend of mine (我的一位朋友)
练 习
一、写出下列词的复数
1.book__________ 2.bus ___________ 3.orange __________ 4.baby_________
5.boy_____________ 6.city _________ 7.man __________ 8.knife___________
9.watch____________10.sheep_____________11.tooth____________12.leaf ____________
13.German________________14.Chinese_________ 15.house __________
二、选择正确的答案
( )1.—Are those ______?
---No, they aren’t. They’re _____.
A. sheep ; cows B. sheep ; cow C. sheeps ; cow D. sheeps ; cows
( )2.Mum, I’m quite thirsty. Please give me ____.
A. two orange B. two bottles of orange
C. two bottles orange D. two bottles of oranges
( )3.I have got ___ news from my friend. Do you want to know?
A. a very good B. any
C. a piece of D. two pieces
( )4.___ room is on the 5th floor.
A. Lucy and Lily B. Lucy and Lily’s
C. Lucy’s and Lily D. Lucy’s and Lily’s
( ) 5.Every morning Mr. Smith takes a ____ to his office.
A. 20 minutes’ walk B. 20 minute’s walk
C. 20-minutes walk D. 20-minute walk
( ) 6.Jack and Tom are ____.
A. good friends B. good friend
C. a good friend D. good a friend
( ) 7.It’s only about ten ____ walk to the nearest post office.
A. minutes B. minute’s C. minutes’ D. minute
( ) 8.He often has ____ for breakfast.
A. two breads B. two piece of breads
C. two pieces of bread D. two pieces of breads
( ) 9.Mrs. Green has two ____. They’re very bright.
A. childs B. child C. children’s D. children
( ) 10.What did the headmaster say about Jim’s ______.
A. two months holiday B. two months’ holiday
C. two-month holiday D. two month’s holidays
( ) 11.I won’t go there with you] for I have a lot of ____ to do.
A. works B. job C. work D. working
( ) 12.Li Lei is a friend of ___.
A. I sister B. my sister’s C. me sister D. my sister of
( ) 13.Have you read ____?
A. today’s B. today paper
C. the today’s paper D. today’s paper
( ) 14.How many ___ are there in the room?
A. boxes B. box C. boxs D. boxxes
( ) 15.Many ____ have been built in our city since 1987.
A. factorys B. factories C. factoryes D. factorys
( ) 16.There are lots of ___ in the basket on the table.
A. tomatos B. tomato C. tomatoes D. tomatoss
( ) 17.The cat caught two ___ last night.
A. mouses B. mice C. mouse D. mices
( ) 18.Jack went to have two ___ pulled out yesterday afternoon.
A. tooths B. tooth C. teeth D. toothes
( ) 19.In our school there are fifty-five ___.
A. women teachers B. woman teachers
C. women teacher D. woman’s teacher
( )20.The three ___ will be put into prison.
A. thiefs B. thief C. thieves D. thiefs’ |
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